If we're talking about non-ancient adaptations, though, it doesn't get much more non-ancient than the classic cartoon Ulysses 31.
Was reminded again of the cartoon, which got me to thinking of other adaptions into different milieus, and made me think of a novel I had read years ago - a loose adaption of The Odyssey into a science fiction setting - the late David Drake's 1984 novel
Cross the Stars based in his "Hammer's Slammers" setting, about the misadventures of a mercenary armored regiment centuries in the future - Captain Don "Mad Dog" Slade retires from the Slammers, deciding that it's time to return to his home of Tethys, 20 years after he left to become a merc and get away from the father who really had it in for him and the twin brother who was the favored one. The voyage home is dangerous, as he takes command of a tramp freighter crewed by cut-throats and outlaws, making stops at planets where they encounter various dangers, both human and alien, and when he gets back, he must protect the family business that's been held his widowed sister-in-law Marilee from a scheming old rival, leader of a competing oligarchical business clan, and his goons.
Drake was read in the classics, and history, and tended to use them as inspiration - his later novel
The Voyage is about Slade's nephew Edward leading what's the voyage of Jason and the Argonauts, in space, another Slammers novel
Paying the Piper took inspiration from the Social War between the Hellenic League, lead by Macedonian king Phillip V, against the Aetolian League in the 3rd century BC,. as noted in the book specifically the 219 BC campaign that lead to the capture of the city of Psophis. One of his standalone novels,
The Forlorn Hope was inspired by Xenophon's
Anabasis , in a setting based on the
Thirty Years War, a band of mercenaries on a planet embroiled in a long war go on a do-or-die escape march after their employers sell them out to their opponents as part of a surrender deal and they'd rather try to fight and escape than wait for execution.